Experimental study on mechanical properties and failure behavior analysis of CFRP riveted joints with gaskets and bushings

Lu YAN; Shang′an ZHANG; Zengqiang CAO; Han YAN; Minxi LU; Lubin HUO

doi:10.1051/jnwpu/20254330428

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Volume 43 / No 3 (June 2025)

JNWPU, 43 3 (2025) 428-436

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Issue		JNWPU Volume 43, Number 3, June 2025


Page(s)		428 - 436
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20254330428
Published online		11 August 2025

JNWPU 2025, 43(3): 428–436

Experimental study on mechanical properties and failure behavior analysis of CFRP riveted joints with gaskets and bushings

垫圈和衬套类CFRP铆接接头力学性能的实验研究及失效行为分析

Lu YAN (闫璐)¹, Shang′an ZHANG (张尚安)², Zengqiang CAO (曹增强)¹^,3, Han YAN (闫涵)¹, Minxi LU (鲁珉希)¹ and Lubin HUO (霍鲁斌)¹

¹ School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi′an 710072, China
² AVIC Xi′an Aircraft Industry Group Company Ltd., Xi′an 710089, China
³ NPU Xuhang Electromagnetic Technology Co., Ltd., Xi′an 710100, China

Received: 11 May 2024

Abstract

The application of gaskets, bushings or their combination can significantly improve the joining strength of composite structures, but there is still a lack of systematic researches on their combined or individual applications. To solve this problem, this paper reported a comparative assessment on the joint strength and failure behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) joints with different combination of gaskets and bushings, i.e., riveting, gasket riveting, bushing riveting and gasket-bushing riveting. The results show that gasket riveting can improve the ability of the joint to absorb energy and resist damage by increasing the load-bearing area and the extrusion deformation of the gasket, so that the joints can obtain the highest strength. This combination also limits secondary bending and delay the damage of the joints, the failure mode of the joints is extrusion failure. Besides, the size of the rivets used in bushing riveting is small, which leads to a decrease in the joint′s resistance to damage and energy absorption. The average joining strength of the specimens is minimal, and the failure mode is a mixed extrusion-pull-off failure. At last, although the gasket-bushing riveting method cannot improve the joints′ ability to resist damage, it can greatly improve the joint′s energy absorption capacity and joining strength.

摘要

垫圈、衬套或其组合对复合材料结构的铆接质量有重要影响, 但目前缺乏对其安装工艺系统研究。通过对铆接接头的准静态拉伸试验对比研究了净铆接、垫圈铆接、衬套铆接和垫圈+衬套组合铆接4种工艺下碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)铆接接头的连接强度和失效行为, 系统评估了不同铆接工艺对接头失效模式的影响。结果表明, 垫圈铆接可通过增大承载面积和垫圈的挤压变形提高接头吸收能量和抵抗损伤的能力, 使接头获得最高的强度, 同时限制次弯曲延缓接头的破坏, 使接头失效模式表现为挤压失效；衬套铆接所使用的铆钉尺寸小, 导致接头抵抗损伤和能量吸收能力下降, 接头强度最小, 失效模式为挤压-拉脱混合失效；垫圈+衬套铆接方法虽不能提高接头抵抗损伤的能力, 但可使接头能量吸收能力和接头强度大幅提高。

Key words: CFRP / riveting / gaskets / bushings / joining strength / failure behavior

关键字 : 复合材料 / 铆接 / 垫圈 / 衬套 / 接头强度 / 失效行为

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)因其比强度高、比刚度高和可设计性强等特点而广泛应用于航天制造领域, 该类材料的高质高效连接是保证其特性充分发挥的重要手段[1-3]。一般而言, 复合材料结构的连接方法包括胶接、螺接和铆接。胶接是指用胶粘剂将2个或多个构件连接在一起, 该连接方式无孔边应力集中, 且结构轻, 密封、绝缘效果好[4], 但强度分散性大, 难以传递大载荷且易受环境影响, 胶粘剂存在老化问题, 适用于承受剪切载荷或均布载荷的结构[5]。螺接和铆接属于机械连接, 需要在结构中先钻孔, 虽然钉孔会破坏复材结构的完整性, 降低连接效率, 但能传递较大载荷, 具有较高的可靠性[6]。虽然在需要重复拆装的连接部位, 螺接可最大程度地减小安装过程中复合材料孔壁的损伤[7], 但该连接方式成本高、安装效率低; 另一方面, 虽然铆接过程中的冲击和钉杆的不均匀膨胀等因素难免会造成复合材料的损伤, 从而降低整个连接结构的强度[8-9], 但铆接工艺简单、成本低, 易于实现自动化[10]。实现复合材料的高质量铆接, 是大幅降低复合材料成本、提高高质量连接的有效途径。

当前已有一些尝试来提高复合材料铆接接头强度, 例如温热自冲铆接[11]、CFRP层合板内嵌预埋件[12]、CFRP电流辅助铆接[13-14]和无铆钉铆接[15]等, 但这些方法增加了工艺的复杂性, 提高了复合材料的连接成本。也有学者通过对传统铆接方法的改进, 实现低成本高质量铆接: 赵乐天等[16]开展了带衬套的抽芯铆接工艺研究, 衬套改善了承载环境, 使得Ø4.8 mm的铝合金铆钉未产生剪切破坏, CFRP构件的失效模式从剪切失效变为拉脱失效; 杨洲等[17]采用带平头垫圈的铆接方法对Ø4 mm钛合金铆钉进行压铆, 发现铆接过程中复合材料结构的安装损伤大幅度减小, 平均拉伸剪切破坏载荷比纯铆接高87%左右; 曹增强等[18]提出“限制垫圈”与电磁铆接结合的方法, 采用该方法铆接后几乎可以消除损伤, 对比相同孔径的螺接, 铆接和螺接的剪切强度相当, 且初始破坏强度更高。尽管现有的研究已证实增设垫圈、衬套的铆接方法能有效提高接头强度, 但缺少对两者增益效果和失效过程的直接对比, 垫圈、衬套提高CFRP铆接接头连接强度的机理也有待深入研究。

为解决上述问题, 本文对比了净铆接、垫圈铆接、衬套铆接以及垫圈+衬套铆接工艺对CFRP铆接接头在准静态拉伸载荷下的增益效果和力学性能的影响, 并对连接件失效行为进行了讨论。研究采用钛合金(TC4)垫圈和纯钛(TA1)衬套, 且由于当前对大直径铆接研究较为缺乏, 故选择Ø5 mm大直径钛铌合金(Ti45Nb)平圆头铆钉来丰富相关研究。

1 铆接方法及准静态拉伸试验

1.1 铆接方法介绍

本文进行了4种铆接工艺的对比研究, 如图 1所示。净铆接为传统铆接工艺, 直接将铆钉装入已制孔的CFRP构件中实施压铆; 垫圈铆接是在镦头成型端增设垫圈再完成压铆; 衬套铆接是在已制孔的CFRP构件中先安装衬套再放入铆钉实行压铆; 垫圈+衬套铆接则是在铆接过程中同时使用垫圈和衬套。

图1

不同铆接工艺示意图

铆接试验所用复合材料层合板由T700/7901预浸料模压而成, 铺层序列为[45/0/-45/90/-45/0/45/0/-45/90/-45/0/45], 共13层, 单层预浸料名义厚度为0.15 mm, 层合板总名义厚度为1.95 mm。单搭接CFRP构件的尺寸参数如图 2a)所示, 每个试件均由2块长100 m, 宽30 mm的层板搭接而成, 孔边距和端距均为15 mm, 孔直径为5.1 mm; 铆钉选用钛铌合金(Ti45Nb)平圆头铆钉, 抗拉强度为450 MPa; 垫圈材料为钛合金(TC4), 抗拉强度为1 100 MPa; 本文参考FTI公司采用不锈钢或钛合金衬套对复合材料装配孔挤压强化[19], 衬套材料为纯钛(TA1)。如图 2b)所示, D₁, D₂分别表示垫圈外径和内径的大小, d, L分别表示铆钉的直径和钉杆长度, h, t分别为衬套高度和厚度。

图2

单搭接CFRP铆接试件和连接件的尺寸

此外, 实心铆钉铆接复合材料时, 镦头直径D_d和镦头高度h_d需分别满足(1)~(2)式才能保证足够的连接强度[1]。

根据体积不变可以计算得出铆钉钉杆外伸量

曹增强等[18]建议垫圈厚度取0.8~1 mm, 垫圈外径D₁和内径D₂需满足(4)~(5)式才能保证较好的铆接质量。

为保证上述要求, 垫圈厚度取1 mm, 并控制铆接接头的孔径和铆钉外伸量一致, 各组工艺下的铆接试件所需零件的具体参数见表 1。

表1

各组工艺方法所需零件及其尺寸参数 mm

为验证试样制备的一致性和所得结果的可靠性, 每组单搭接CFRP试件均重复铆接3次。TOX气动压铆机对CFRP构件进行压铆时, 工作行程均设置为90.2 mm, 铆接后单搭接试样如图 3b)所示。

图3

铆接设备及单搭接CFRP试件

1.2 准静态拉伸试验

通过准静态拉伸试验来研究不同铆接方法对CFRP铆接接头力学性能的影响, 准静态拉伸试验设备如图 4所示。

图4

准静态拉伸试验设备

将1.1节中制备的单钉单搭接CFRP铆接试件通过上下夹具夹持在电子万能试验机上, 根据标准ASTM D3039[20], 单侧夹持长度为35 mm, 拉伸加载速度为1 mm/min。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 拉伸力-位移响应

接头承载的力-位移曲线能直观反映4种CFRP铆接接头的力学性能。对比图 5d)中的3条曲线发现: 垫圈+衬套铆接方法下试件1的曲线趋势与试件2、试件3有较大差别, 这是因为复合材料试件的参数和性能差异, 产生了试验误差。但从整体而言, 试验结果稳定, 一致性好。

图5

力-位移曲线

如图 5所示, 不同铆接工艺对应试件的力-位移曲线均可分为3个阶段: 弹性阶段、渐进损伤阶段和失效阶段。在弹性阶段, 初始加载时试件与夹具之间的摩擦导致接头滑动, 刚度出现变化。这一阶段, 属于弹性变形, 载荷线性增长; 随后, 当CFRP层合板孔周出现初始微裂纹时, 接头进入损伤阶段, 铆接接头的刚度有所下降, 载荷缓慢上升直至达到峰值荷载。此后, 曲线呈波浪形下降, 这种情况可归因于孔周损伤加剧, 损伤逐渐积累, 使得层合板的承载能力不断下降。最终, 孔周材料的破坏不断增加, 试件进入失效阶段, 此时结构稳定性无法保持, 载荷急剧下降。

相比净铆接试件, 垫圈铆接、衬套铆接和垫圈+衬套铆接试件在弹性阶段的位移长度都有一定增加。其中, 垫圈铆接工艺对接头强度提升效果最为显著, 衬套铆接工艺提升效果最差。在渐进损伤阶段, 衬套铆接试件在此阶段位移长度最小, 但垫圈铆接和垫圈+衬套铆接的试件在此阶段位移长度相近且远大于净铆接试件。对于垫圈铆接试件来说, 垫圈增大了镦头与孔周的接触面积, 改善了载荷传递条件, 延缓了失效的发生。但衬套铆接比净铆接、垫圈铆接所使用的铆钉尺寸小, 使得铆钉与CFRP层合板接触面积减小, 在外载荷作用下层合板所承受的单位面积压强增加, 导致接头较早失效。对比垫圈铆接和垫圈+衬套铆接试件的失效位移可以发现: 垫圈可以显著延缓失效的发生, 但衬套在增加失效位移方面无明显作用。

能量吸收能力是评价接头力学性能的重要指标, 另外, 初始损伤载荷越大, 说明接头抵抗损伤的能力越好[21]。由图 6a)可知, 净铆接和垫圈铆接接头的初始损伤载荷分别为4 562.8和6 773.7 N, 垫圈铆接试件在拉伸过程中, 镦头与垫圈直接作用, 将挤压力分散后再间接作用到CFRP层合板, 同时垫圈变形吸收能量, 使得垫圈铆接试件抵抗损伤的能力比净铆接提高了32.64%, 能量吸收值则是净铆接的283.12%。衬套铆接接头的初始损伤载荷以及能量吸收值分别为净铆接的96.14%和97.73%, 这是因为尺寸较小的铆钉会使孔周产生更严重的应力集中, 导致衬套铆接接头承载能力降低。此外, 垫圈+衬套铆接接头初始损伤载荷为4 852.3 N, 抵抗损伤的能力仅比净铆接的提高5.97%, 但能量吸收值为净铆接的230.84%, 这说明垫圈通过挤压变形在试件准静态拉伸过程中吸收了大部分能量。

图6

各铆接工艺下的承载能力

峰值载荷是衡量接头强度的重要依据[22], 峰值载荷越大, 接头强度越大。如图 6b)所示, 垫圈铆接试件的峰值载荷最大, 为8 089.94 N; 其次是垫圈+衬套铆接、净铆接, 峰值载荷分别为6 651.06 N和5 538.83 N; 衬套铆接试件的峰值载荷最小, 仅为4 460.38 N, 这说明增加垫圈可以显著提高接头的峰值载荷, 而增加衬套会降低接头强度。将4种铆接方法对应试件的镦头直径与峰值载荷进行对比发现: 在铆钉直径相同的工艺状态下, 铆钉外伸量和压铆机的工作行程一致, 但垫圈阻碍了铆钉内材料的流动, 使镦头直径变大, 而镦头直径越大意味着铆接挤压力越大, CFRP板材厚度方向的夹紧力越大, 试件所能承受的峰值载荷越大。这是也是增加垫圈能显著提高接头力学性能的原因之一。

上述分析表明, 增加垫圈能大幅提升铆接试件承受准静态拉伸载荷时的接头强度和能量吸收能力, 但在保持孔径不变的情况下, 增加衬套会对铆接试件的能量吸收能力、抵抗损伤能力和接头强度产生负面影响。

2.2 不同铆接试件的拉伸失效行为比较

为了探究净铆接、垫圈铆接、衬套铆接、垫圈+衬套铆接方法对CFRP连接件失效行为的影响, 本节将从失效过程和失效模式2个方面进行对比, 进一步分析垫圈和衬套在试件受载时的作用机理。

2.2.1 拉伸失效过程

如图 7a)所示, 在准静态拉伸过程中, 由于施加在连接件两端的载荷不在同一平面上, 净铆接方法对应试件产生了明显的次弯曲, 进而导致铆钉发生倾斜, 镦头则沿着加载方向挤压孔周, 钉孔发生变形。随着拉伸位移的增加, 在轴向力和弯矩的共同作用下, 铆钉倾斜程度不断变大, 镦头逐渐嵌入CFRP层合板中, 最终, 当钉孔变形程度足够大时, 铆钉和镦头侧层合板发生脱离, 发生挤压-拉脱混合失效。

图7

4种铆接工艺试件失效过程

此外, 从垫圈铆接试件的失效过程(见图 7b))可以看出: 垫圈发生了明显的变形, 铆钉的镦头逐渐凹陷于孔周, 对层合板造成了挤压破坏。垫圈不仅增大了镦头与层合板的接触面积, 还通过变形吸收能量, 减轻了孔周材料的挤压破坏, 延缓了失效区域的扩展速度。这一定程度上解释了2.1节中垫圈铆接的失效位移长度和能量吸收值大于净铆接这一现象。最后, 结合图 7a)发现, 垫圈铆接接头的失效过程与净铆接不同, 只出现了挤压失效。这是因为垫圈的约束作用限制了铆钉的拉脱, 挤压失效区域逐步扩展至接头端部, 最终导致接头完全失效。

从图 7a)和图 7c)可以看出: 衬套铆接方法对应试件的失效过程与净铆接基本一致, 在整个拉伸过程中, 衬套对接头失效过程的影响不明显。但对比钉头一侧的损伤过程可以发现: 由于衬套铆接方法所使用的铆钉尺寸比净铆接方法的小, 钉头与层合板的接触面积变小, 单位面积承受的压强变大, 从而导致钉头陷入层合板的程度更深, 该侧的撕裂分层和挤压损伤更严重。

虽然与净铆接、衬套铆接一样, 垫圈+衬套铆接接头也出现了拉脱, 如图 7d)所示, 但铆钉是从钉头一侧与层合板脱离的。对比图 7b)发现, 垫圈+衬套铆接试件镦头侧层合板的损伤比垫圈铆接的小, 但钉头侧损伤程度更严重。结合图 6a)中垫圈+衬套铆接方法对初始损伤载荷增益不明显的现象, 可以认为: 在准静态拉伸过程, 垫圈+衬套铆接方法对应试件的初始损伤发生在钉头侧, 衬套对失效过程的影响大于垫圈。

2.2.2 拉伸失效模式

准静态拉伸试验后的试件如图 8所示: 所有铆接试件失效模式均由CFRP层合板失效引起, 其中净铆接、衬套铆接以及垫圈+衬套铆接试件的失效模式一致, 均为拉脱-挤压混合失效, 但由于垫圈限制了次弯曲的发生, 垫圈铆接试件的失效模式仅为挤压失效。

图8

4种铆接工艺试件在准静态拉伸载荷下的失效模式

从图 8a)和8c)中发现: 净铆接和衬套铆接试件的失效破坏位置主要在镦头侧的CFRP层合板上, 镦头侧孔周有大范围的纤维劈裂和挤压损伤, 且撕裂分层的碳纤维方向基本为45°, 即层合板铺层的首层遭到严重破坏。由于钉头与层合板有效接触面积比镦头侧大, 故该侧损伤较小。由图 8b)可知, 垫圈铆接试件的失效破坏集中在镦头侧, 而钉头侧损伤小。此外, 钉孔因为不断加载出现了拉伸方向的贯穿, 垫圈铆接接头在失效前完全发挥CFRP层合板的力学性能, 这与2.1节中描述的垫圈铆接试件在准静态拉伸过程中的初始损伤载荷与能量吸收值最大相对应。如图 8d)所示, 因为垫圈+衬套铆接所使用的铆钉尺寸小, 但垫圈使镦头侧的承载面积增大, 该侧的承载能力比钉头侧强, 所以接头两侧均出现了大量的失效破坏, 且钉头侧破坏比镦头侧更严重。

总的来讲, 结合2.1节对力-位移曲线的分析, 可以推测衬套对接头初始损伤载荷的影响较小, 且没有改变传统净铆接的失效模式; 垫圈通过增大承载面积, 减小铆钉与CFRP层合板之间的应力, 同时约束铆钉以限制次弯曲，并吸收一部分能量延缓了钉孔的破坏进程, 抑制拉脱失效与挤压失效2种失效模式的发生, 进而提升铆接接头的力学性能。

3 结论

本文选用Ø5 mm铆钉系统研究了在准静态拉伸载荷下净铆接、垫圈铆接、衬套铆接以及垫圈+衬套铆接工艺对CFRP铆接接头力学性能和失效行为的影响, 并对垫圈、衬套的作用机理进行了探讨。主要结论如下:

1) 不同铆接工艺的力-位移曲线均呈现出弹性阶段、渐进损伤阶段和失效阶段, 增设垫圈可以延缓接头的失效, 但只选用衬套不能延缓接头的失效。

2) 垫圈铆接可通过增大承载面积和垫圈的挤压变形提高接头吸收能量和抵抗损伤的能力, 并获得最高的接头强度; 衬套铆接所使用的铆钉尺寸小, 使得接头抵抗损伤和能量吸收能力下降, 接头强度最小; 垫圈+衬套铆接方法虽不能提高接头抵抗损伤的能力, 但能量吸收能力和接头强度却大幅提升。

3) 垫圈可以限制次弯曲以延缓接头的破坏, 进而使垫圈铆接接头失效模式表现为挤压失效; 衬套铆接、垫圈+衬套铆接接头的失效模式为挤压-拉脱混合失效。衬套铆接试件的失效位置主要在层合板镦头侧, 但由于增加垫圈使镦头侧承载能力大于钉头侧, 垫圈+衬套铆接试件失效位置主要在层合板钉头侧。

References

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All Tables

表1

各组工艺方法所需零件及其尺寸参数 mm

In the text

All Figures

	图1 不同铆接工艺示意图
In the text

	图2 单搭接CFRP铆接试件和连接件的尺寸
In the text

	图3 铆接设备及单搭接CFRP试件
In the text

	图4 准静态拉伸试验设备
In the text

	图5 力-位移曲线
In the text

	图6 各铆接工艺下的承载能力
In the text

	图7 4种铆接工艺试件失效过程
In the text

	图8 4种铆接工艺试件在准静态拉伸载荷下的失效模式
In the text

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[1] XIE Mingjiu. Joints for composites materials[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, 2016 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[2] CAO Zengqiang, ZHANG Minghao, TAN Xuecai, et al. Overview of riveting technology for aviation composite structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2023, 66(1/2): 26–37 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[3] HUANG Zhichao, CHEN Weida, CHENG Wenyu,et al. Development of composite connection techniques[J]. Journal of East China Jiaotong University, 2013, 30(4): 1–6 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[4] LIU Liping, DUAN Kehao, XU Zhuo,et al. Failure mechanism of adhesive screw hybrid connection of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite laminates[J]. Journal of Composite Materials, 2023, 40(1): 590–600 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[5] WO Xiyuan, TU Bin, XIA Yingwei,et al. Technics and internal stress analysis of adhesive bonding in composite material[J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 20081): 63–68 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[6] LIU Kunliang. The strength research and failure analysis for composite joint structure[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2014 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[7] WANG Yizhe. Research on the failure of composite laminates bolt-joint[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautic, 2013 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[8] LI Yongbing, MA Yunwu, LOU Ming,et al. Advances in spot joining technologies of lightweight thin-walled structures[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(6): 125–146 (in Chinese) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[9] SONG Danlong. Damage initiation mechanism and optimization method around interference-fit joint of CFRP structures[D]. Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2018 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[10] WANG Xin, WEN Wei, ZHANG Yi,et al. Current status and analysis on electromagnetic riveting technology for composite materials[J]. Aerospace Manufacturing Technology, 2016(1): 1–6 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[11] LIU Y, ZHUANG W. Self-piercing riveted-bonded hybrid joining of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and aluminium alloy sheets[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2019, 144(1): 106340 [Google Scholar]

[12] CONG Zhiwei. Analysis of riveting damage, deformation and mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2022 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[13] QI Zhenchao, XIAO Yexin, ZHANG Ziqin,et al. Modeling and verification of thermal response in connection area of current assisted riveting CFRP[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2021, 42(10): 381–394 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[14] SUN Guanyu, QI Zhenchao, ZHU Shouye,et al. Connection performance analysis of CFRP current assisted riveted joints[J]. Aviation Precision Manufacturing Technology, 2022, 58(4): 26–30 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[15] WU Shijie. Study on hole-clinching for CFRP and aluminum alloy sheet[D]. Jilin: Jilin University, 2019 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[16] ZHAO Letian, HUANG Qi, YANG Tianzhi,et al. Core pulling riveting damage and shear property of CFRP components with bushings[J]. Jouranl of Plasticity Engineering, 2023, 30(9): 71–77 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[17] YANG Z, JIANG R, ZUO Y. Riveting damage behavior and mechanical performance assessments of CFRP/CFRP single-lap gasket-riveted joints[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023, 149: 107253 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[18] CAO Zengqiang, SHENG Xi, XIA Linong,et al. On replacing bolting with electromagnetic riveting(EMR) in high modulus carbon fiber composites structure in P. R. China[J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2002, 20(2): 198–202 (in Chinese) [Google Scholar]

[19] FTI. Gromex brochure[EB/OL]. (2009-09-11)[2019-02-25]. http://www.fatiguetech.com./products-gromex.asp. [Google Scholar]

[20] HE X, ZHAO L, YANG H,et al. Investigations of strength and energy absorption of clinched joints[J]. Computational Materials Science, 2014, 94: 58–65 [Google Scholar]

[21] ASTM International. Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials[S]. ASTMD-3039, 2008 [Google Scholar]

[22] LI S, ZHANG S, LI H,et al. Numerical and experimental investigation of fitting tolerance effects on bearing strength of CFRP/Al single-lap blind riveted joints[J]. Composite Structures, 2022, 281: 115022 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]