Research progress on the strengthening and toughening mechanism of metal materials with gradient structure and its preparation technology

金属材料梯度结构强韧化机理及其制备技术的研究进展

¹ School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
² Faculty of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China

Received: 24 January 2024

Abstract

The development of industrial equipment requires lightweight and high performance, so it is necessary to replace the original alloy materials with high specific strength materials for the core parts of the equipment. However, the problem of strength-ductility/toughness trade-off during the preparation process of high specific strength metallic materials has hindered the independent research and mass production of key components in China. In recent years, the outstanding strength-toughness/ductility synergy exhibited by the gradient microstructure of metallic materials, along with the development of relevant preparation technologies, has indicated a development path for mass-producing lightweight components with high strength and toughness. In this paper, the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of gradient microstructures and the impact of different gradient on toughening behavior were reviewed based on the research on nanometal materials. Not only the plastic preparation techniques for achieving mechanical strengthening and toughening but also the influence of preparation process mechanical conditions on constructing gradient microstructures was discussed. These provided new insights for the engineering preparation of metallic materials with excellent strength-ductility/toughness synergy in gradient microstructures.

摘要

顺应工业装备轻量化、高性能的发展要求, 装备核心零部件用高比强度材料取代原有合金材料已势在必行。但高比强度金属材料在制备过程中强度-韧/塑性倒置的问题, 影响了我国关键零部件的自主研发和批量化生产。近年来, 金属材料梯度微观组织结构表现出的优异强韧化性能, 以及相关制备技术的发展, 为批量生产兼具高强韧性的轻质构件指明了发展路径。以纳米金属材料研究为出发点, 梳理了梯度微观结构的强韧化机理及梯度化程度对强韧化行为的影响, 讨论了实现机械式强韧化的塑性制备技术, 以及制备工艺力学条件对构造梯度微观结构的影响机制, 为强韧协同的梯度微观结构金属材料的工程化制备提供新思路。